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The Old Kingdom Evidence on the Toponym xntj-S “Lebanon”

    Ivan Bogdanov

Ägypten und Levante 29, pp. 125-148, 2020/02/24

Internationale Zeitschrift für ägyptische Archäologie und deren Nachbargebiete
International Journal for Egyptian Archaeology and Related Disciplines

doi: 10.1553/AEundL29s125

doi: 10.1553/AEundL29s125

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doi:10.1553/AEundL29



doi:10.1553/AEundL29s125



doi:10.1553/AEundL29s125

Abstract

This article is an overview of evidence on the toponym xntj-S “Lebanon” and the term xntj-S “Lebanese wood” in the Old Kingdom texts: 1–2. The inscriptions of jnj; 3. The inscription in the tomb of Daw at Deir el-Gebrawi; 4. The inscription on the stela of pAj from Naga ed-Deir; 5. A list of cultic items from the archive of the mortuary temple of King Neferefra (mid-5th to 6th Dynasties); 6. The Palermo fragment of the annals from the reign of Shepseskaf. The proposed translation of the toponym xntj-S: “(terrain) in front of the lake,” where “lake” should be understood as “terrace” or “pool” in a geological sense. The toponym xntj-S is considered as a reinterpretation of the term xtjw with the meaning “terrace” designating Lebanon from the most ancient times of Egyptian history.

Keywords: Egypt, Old Kingdom, the Levant, international relations, Lebanese wood, lexicography.