Nanotechnology products, processes and applications have the potential to make important contributions to environmental and climate protection by helping save raw materials, energy and water as well as by reducing greenhouse gases and problematic wastes. Nanomaterials, for example, can increase the durability of materials; dirt- and water-repellant coatings are designed to help reduce cleaning efforts; novel insulating materials can improve the energy efficiency of buildings; adding nanoparticles to reduce the weight of materials can help save energy during transport. Great hopes are being placed on nano-technologically optimized products and processes that are currently under development in the energy production and storage sectors.

Emphasis is often placed on the sustainable potential of nanotechnology, but this in fact represents a poorly documented expectation. Determining a product’s actual effect on the environment – both positive and negative – requires considering the entire life cycle from the production of the base materials to disposal at the end of its useful life. Only few life cycle analyses have been conducted, but some show clearly reduced environmental impacts or energy and resource savings for certain products that use nanomaterials or nanotechnology processes. Nonetheless, not every “nano-product” is a priori environmentally friendly or sustainable, and the production of nanomaterials often requires large amounts of energy, water and environmentally problematic chemicals.