The paper is concerned with new competencies and qualification in the context of Industry 4.0 (also addressed as the Industrial Internet). The introductory section will outline the state of re- search and highlight the deficits in the existing data. Although Industry 4.0 also affects many service and logistics sectors, the study concentrates on changes in the core areas of industrial manufacturing work, and focuses on the system of dual vocational education and training, as this has a high, almost unique significance in Germany and Austria. Beginning with develop- ment scenarios that are currently under discussion, and with the innovative capacity of the du- al system, the paper outlines specific competency and qualification requirements in relation to four qualification-relevant dimensions of Industry 4.0, and, lastly, uses these to make recom- mendations for policymakers, companies and social partners.