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VAMOSThe value of mothers to society
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Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Austrian Academy of Sciences Press
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DATUM, UNTERSCHRIFT / DATE, SIGNATURE
BANK AUSTRIA CREDITANSTALT, WIEN (IBAN AT04 1100 0006 2280 0100, BIC BKAUATWW), DEUTSCHE BANK MÜNCHEN (IBAN DE16 7007 0024 0238 8270 00, BIC DEUTDEDBMUC)
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VAMOS, pp. 13-30, 2019/03/15
The value of mothers to society
As mammals, human mothers are biologically well adapted to breastfeed their own offspring after birth, ensuring optimal nutrition and bonding between mother and child. In human societies, however, there is considerable variation in the practice and duration of breastfeeding, as well as associated beliefs. Hunter-gatherers typically breastfeed for several years, whereas the adoption of a sedentary lifestyle in farming communities frequently led to a shortening of the breastfeeding period. Stress markers in the human skeleton, dental micro-wear, and isotopic signatures in bones and teeth can inform us about dietary changes and the age of weaning in infancy. Alternatives to breastfeeding include cross-nursing and wet-nursing, and feeding with animal milk or grain-based alternatives. Feeding vessels of the late Bronze and early Iron Ages may be evidence of such practices.