• Institute for the Cultural and Intellectual History of Asia (IKGA)

TIBSCHOL
THE DAWN OF TIBETAN BUDDHIST SCHOLASTICISM (11TH–13TH C.)

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Pascale Hugon (2026)
When the World Is Not Enough: An Early Tibetan Discussion on the Division of Customary Truth

Truth and Knowledge in an Empty World: Essays in Conversation with Tom Tillemans, New York, NY: Wisdom Publications, 299–315

Publication date: 13.05.2026

Lengths of the embargo period: 12 months
Uploaded to the Oeaw’s epub repository with kind permission of Wisdom Publications and the volume’s editor. The volume is available from Wisdom Publications: https://wisdomexperience.org/product/truth-and-knowledge-in-an-empty-world/

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1553/TibSchol_ERC_Cog_101001002_Hugon_World

Project:

TibSchol – The Dawn of Tibetan Buddhist Scholasticism (11th-13th c.)

The ERC-funded project TibSchol - The dawn of Tibetan Buddhist scholasticism (11th-13th c.) - will be the first wide-ranging exploration of the formative phase of the Tibetan Buddhist scholastic tradition. Its ground-breaking study of an exceptionally active period of Tibetan scholarly creativity will integrate Tibetan thinkers into world intellectual history and the global history of philosophy. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 101001002). It is hosted at the Institute for the Cultural and Intellectual History of Asia of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

The results published are solely within the author’s responsibility and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Research Council or the European Commission who must not be held responsible for either contents or their further use.
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TIBSCHOLTHE DAWN OF TIBETAN BUDDHIST SCHOLASTICISM (11TH–13TH C.)

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When the World Is Not Enough: An Early Tibetan Discussion on the Division of Customary Truth

    Pascale Hugon

Truth and Knowledge in an Empty World: Essays in Conversation with Tom Tillemans, pp. 299-315, 2026/06/19

doi: 10.1553/TibSchol_ERC_Cog_101001002_Hugon_World

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doi:10.1553/TibSchol_ERC_Cog_101001002_Hugon_World

Abstract

This paper examines the discussion on the distinction between correct and mistaken conventionals involving early Tibetan Madhyamaka thinkers in the teaching lineage stemming from Ngok Loden shérab (rNgog Blo ldan shes rab, 1059–1109). It draws on the treatise by Gyamarwa (rGya dmar ba Byang chub grags), the Dbu ma de kho na nyid rnam par dpyod pa, which offers a fascinating panorama of the debates of that period, predating the full bloom of Patsab Nyima Drak’s (Pa tshab Nyi ma grags, b. 1055) influence and the spread of Candrakīrti’s views in Tibet. The paper focuses on the criticism of Khyung (Khyung Rin chen grags)’s view that Mādhyamikas should just “follow the world” to establish this distinction, whereas his peers (and, before them, of Ngok) make this distinction in the framework of a specific tenet system (grub mtha’). In addition to examining the arguments put forward by these thinkers and their respective conceptions of what “the world” is, this paper discusses whether Khyung’s view an early example of what would come to be called “Madhyamaka following the world” (’jig rten grags sde dbu ma) reveals an influence from Candrakīrti or is instead based on Khyung’s interpretation of Jñānagarbha’s Satyadvayavibhaṅga.

Published Online: 2026/06/19

Object Identifier: 0xc1aa5572 0x0041b382

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